- Introducción:
Ley de protección de datos.
Esta página web cumple los requisitos de la ley de protección de datos. Ley Orgánica 15/1999, de 13 de diciembre, de Protección de Datos de Carácter Personal.
La información proporcionada en ésta web ha sido planteada para apoyar, no reemplazar, la relación que existe entre un paciente / visitante de este sitio web y, su médico"
No se cede, presta o vende ninguna información , o e mail de nadie. No se mantiene ningún tipo de fichero sobre los visitantes que acceden a la página web. Cualquier persona que comente o cite ésta pagina web tiene derecho a acceso, rectificación o cancelación de sus datos".
Esta web no solicita ni comparte ningún tipo de información con los usuarios." Esta página web no hace ni apología del uso de las drogas ni de ninguna sustancia con actividad farmacológica". " Esta pagina web no fomenta el uso del dopaje y ni hace apología del consumo de Cannabis o ninguna sustancia farmacológicamente activa..
La misión del sitio web es propagar la lucha contra el dopaje dentro del deporte y prevención de las a dicciones que supone el consumo indiscriminado de sustancias sometidas a fiscalización. No hay ninguna organización detrás, simplemente una bitácora a título personal.
Destinatarios de la información
La información del sitio web.va dirigida a deportistas, entrenadores, personas a las que les gusta el deporte limpio y sin manipulaciones.
De una manera más general, posteriormente hemos ido introduciendo temas más abiertos para toda la población que pueda estar interesada en la prevención de las adicciones a sustancias sean o no fiscalizadas.
No se da información ni apología del uso de drogas.
La información que aquí se proporciona no va destinada a reemplazar, la relación entre un paciente y su propio médico, para lo cual el siguiente lema ha sido interpuesto:
"La información proporcionada en ésta Bitácora ha sido planteada para apoyar, no reemplazar, la relación que existe entre un paciente / visitante de este sitio web y, su médico".
Fuentes de financiación
El sitio web no tiene ningún tipo d e subvención oficial.
Por lo tanto no tenemos conflicto de intereses ni hay ninguna influencia sobre los artículos editados.
No aceptamos donaciones igualmente.
Tan sólo hay un carrito de compra por si alguien quiere, de forma voluntaria, comprar algún de artículo ampliados. Pero toda la información está expuesta de forma clara y concisa en la web.
Política publicitaria
El sitio web no aloja publicidad alguna.
Honestidad y Transparencia de la Publicidad y la Política Editorial
Aviso sobre la política de publicidad del sitio web
La política de publicidad del sitio web es muy sencilla: no hay tal política de publicidad por lo tanto no tenemos ningún conflicto de intereses.
viernes, 30 de diciembre de 2011
El extasis líquido. GHB.
jueves, 29 de diciembre de 2011
Hormona del Crecimiento falsificada. Fake GH
Se ha detectado factores de crecimiento fibroblásticos falsificados con fines ilegales. Fundamentalmente remedar la accion anabolizante contrainsular de la somatotropina o de algunos de sus factores de crecimiento.
Se transcribe literalmente el artículo en su versión original puesto que al no existir fronteras legalmente pueden entrar desde Alemania a nuestro país.Innecesario decir que para la detección de éstas sustancias hacen falta técnicas sofisticadas de las que adolecemos en éstos momentos en nuestro laboratorio....la electroforesis en gel.
Director Wilhelm Schanzer and his staff run the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) accredited facility. Here, they conduct research into potential drugs of abuse and their metabolites and devise analytical methods for them.
They are also asked to help identify unknown substances that have been seized by the authorities, as was the case recently when German customs presented them with a set of samples which they had confiscated. The injection vials contained a colourless lyophilisate but were sealed and unlabelled, so the there were no clues as to the contents.An initial analysis by SDS-PAGE indicated that the samples contained several proteins, so a proteomics approach was instigated to identify the components present. The work was carried out by Schanzer, Mario Thevis and colleagues at their lab, along with coresearchers from the Centre for Education and Science of the Federal Revenue Administration, Cologne, the Heinrich Heine University of Dusseldorf and the Anti-Doping Authority of Portugal, Lisbon.
Growth in illegal growth factors
Gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of several proteins up to molecular mass 150 kDa, which were identified by mass spectrometry. Characteristic human plasma components like albumin, haptoglobin, and hemopexin were found, along with a band corresponding to fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1). The FGF-1 family of proteins are widely expressed in tissues and cells and have been implicated in a wide range of physiological processes. These include muscle and wound healing and regeneration, bone regeneration, tendon and ligament repair and the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis).
Athletes have been known to take insulin-like growth factor 1 and growth hormone releasing peptides as performance enhancing drugs. Based on these observations, WADA has placed a group of growth factors on its prohibited list, despite the fact that some of them, such as FGF-1, have not been approved for full clinical use. This omission has not deterred athletes in the past.
Having established its presence, the researchers decided to take a closer look at the structure of FGF-1 from the black market product.
FGF-1 from the black market
Samples of recombinant human FGF-1 and the black market product were compared by SDS-PAGE, which showed that the illicit form had a slightly lower molecular mass than the recombinant form. On further inspection by enzymatic digestions and mass spectrometric analysis, it was revealed that the N-terminus of the black market product had been truncated or modified. The amount of FGF-1 in the product was measured both by SDS-PAGE using a light transmission scanner and by a specific ELISA. The corresponding concentrations were 1.9 and 1.6 µg per injection vial, respectively.
It is useful to know these values, but they do not mean an awful lot at this stage because therapeutic levels have not yet been established. But for comparison, the researchers measured the levels of natural FGF-1 in the plasma and urine of 15 healthy volunteers.
In fact, FGF-1 was undetectable in plasma and was found in only 8 of the 15 urine samples at concentrations less than 28 pg/mL. These low levels were expected, due to the strong binding of FGF-1 to proteoglycans in vivo to protect it against degradation by proteases, to which it is particularly susceptible.
In theory, the black market lyophilisate could be used in cosmetics as an anti-aging product but the team concluded that this was unlikely, since cosmetics are generally in a form to be applied topically.
The most likely purpose is for illicit use as a performance enhancing drug, probably via intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, despite the potential dangers to the user from the absence of clinical data for suitable dosages of FGF-1.
This study emphasises the value of organisations such as the Centre for Preventive Doping Research which have to be proactive in doping research and be prepared to attack the problem from different angles, in anticipation of the next new illicit drug to hit the black market.
martes, 20 de diciembre de 2011
Legislacion anti dopaje.
lunes, 12 de diciembre de 2011
Técnicas detección de Cannabinoles
En el contínuo intento de mejorar las técnicas analíticas de detcción de cannabinoles, comentamos brevemente el documento de las Naciones Unidas de Métodos recomendados de Indetificación y análisis de productos cannabinoides. del año 2009.
Es un buen informe, completo y que describe bien las técnicas. No es nada obsoleto es adecuado al estado de la técnica actual.
De las técnicas que describe, me quedo por su simplicidad, rapidez y fiabilidad la CG-FID sóla confirmada en un segundo paso con GC-masas.
la técnica de Cromatografía de gases-detección por ionización de llama (GC-FID),se puede hacer
con y sin derivación
Sin derivación previa (es decir, sililación) de THC y THCA, el análisis de GC
descarboxilará este último producto y generará el THC contenido total de la muestra de cannabis a analizar.
que seá la suma de THC libre y THC generado a partir del compuesto THCA.
Este valor de THC representa la máxima concentraciçon de éste producto , no olvidemos que al fumarlo lo que se produce en realidad es la pirólisis (y por lo tanto también
se descarboxila) y da lo que la la mayoría de los sistemas legales consideran el contenido "total" del máximo agente auforizante , lo que llamaríamos contenido de THC total,
Del HPLC cabría decir que se puede presentar la posibilidad de que dos sustancias muy dispares coeluyan (THC u otra cosa), de forma que a la hora de confirmar se requerirán otras pruebas complementarias. Si tienes un HPLC-masas probablemente tendrás la confirmación en un sólo paso, peso el equipo es caro.
Las otras técnicas no tienen mayor interés, salvo las de inmunodetección. A pesar de que aquí no le dá importancia, creo que son mejores que las pruebas de color y un poco de la sustancia sospechosa suspendida en agua y puesta en la tira da una positividad/negatividad en menos de 5 minutos. Para hacer un screening pienso que podría ser válida, ya que la especificidad del anticuerpo es muy elevada y sería raro descartar o confundir THC con otra cosa.
¿Quien dijo que el Cannabis era droga blanda?
del ácido tetrahydrocannabinolic (THCA, el precursor de THC) se realiza por ciclación del ácido cannabidiolic (CBDA).
ponen en evidencia que en realidad es formado a partir del ácido cannabigerolic (CBGA) a través de
oxidocyclization por la enzima sintasa THCA
CBGA es el precursor para THCA así como para
ácido (CBCA). El correspondiente THC, CBD y cannabicromeno (CBC) se
generada por la descarboxilación.
Cannabinol (CBN) es un producto de degradación del THC, es decir, no se produce naturalmente y nos artefacta las medidas.No tiene actividad psicotrópica/psicotomimñetica/ estimulante.
De las técnicas que describe EL CITADO DOCUMENTO , nos quedamos por su simplicidad, rapidez y fiabilidad
Del HPLC cabría decir que se puede presentar la posibilidad de que dos sustancias muy dispares coeluyan (THC u otra cosa), de forma que a la hora de confirmar se requerirán otras pruebas complementarias. Si tienes un HPLC-masas probablemente tendrás la confirmación en un sólo paso, peso el equipo es caro.
Las otras técnicas no tienen mayor interés, salvo las de inmunodetección. A pesar de que aquí no le dá importancia, creo que son mejores que las pruebas de color y un poco de la sustancia sospechosa suspendida en agua y puesta en la tira da una positividad/negatividad en menos de 5 minutos. Para hacer un screening pienso que podría ser válida, ya que la especificidad del anticuerpo es muy elevada y sería raro descartar o confundir THC con otra cosa.
lunes, 5 de diciembre de 2011
Virus respiratorio sincitial en niños ¿priones? ¿Proteínas alteradas?
La bronquiolitis es una de las patologías más frecuentemente diagnosticadas en niños. De facto ,creemos que a cualquier infeccion respiratoria, cuando el médico no lotienen muy claro, ante la duda la clasifica como "viriasis" , y le echa el muerto al VRS ( vvirus respiratorio sincitial).
Ahora, en éste artícuo que reproducimos íntegramente en ingés, se ofrece otra posibilidad. infeccione sprionica so alteración de proteínas que generan cuadros respiratorios de compicado tratamiento en los tiernos infantes.
Infant respiratory viral infection
One of the more common viral infections of the respiratory tract in infants and young children occurs with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The virus infects the upper airways but can spread to the lower passages too, lowering the defences of the child to allow co-infection with bacteria. Although the majority of the cases result in mild infection, about 5% require hospitalisation.Since the upper airways are attacked first, aspirate from the nasopharynx, the part of the throat that connects to the nose, is collected and subjected to immunofluorescence testing for RSV diagnosis. The aspirate is known to contain antibacterial proteins, pathogen recognition compounds and other proteins that are involved in the innate immune system.
However, scientists from Sweden recognised that there have been no compositional studies of the nasopharyngeal aspirate from patients with RSV, so they undertook a proteomics study. Mats Lindahl and colleagues from Linkoping University and the County Council of Ostergotland, Linkoping, analysed aspirate that had been collected from children aged 1-26 months who had been admitted to a local hospital.
They were particularly interested in a recently identified protein named short palate lung and nasal epithelium clone 1, which is fortunately referred to as SPLUNC1. This is known to bind to lipopolysaccharide, which is associated with pathogens, and has been proposed as a member of the innate immune system which fights off bacteria. Indeed, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and mycoplasma.
SPLUNC1 indicator of viral weakness
The researchers adopted classical proteomics techniques to study the aspirates. The proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and visualised by silver staining. Each protein spot was cut out from the gel and digested with trypsin for mass spectrometric analysis and identification by database searching. In all, 35 protein spots were identified in the aspirate with high confidence, corresponding to 15 specific proteins. They included known innate immunity proteins such as phospholipase A2 group X, several S100 proteins (A7, A7-like A8 and A9).
The significance of the proteins for the innate immunity system response to microbial infection was discussed in an attempt to better understand the defence mechanisms. However, the observation of SPLUNC1 in the aspirate was particularly interesting.
The aspirate was also examined by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting for SPLUNC1. This revealed a truncated form of SPLUNC1 with a molecular mass of 15 kDa, as well as the full-length protein at 25 kDa. It was a genuine protein, rather than an artefact of the analytical process, and its identity was confirmed by mass spectrometry.
This is the first report of the truncated form of SPLUNC1 which existed in two isoforms with similar isoelectric points. It was found in 50% of the children tested but was absent from samples taken from healthy adults. The research team thought it unlikely that its presence related to age or is the result of a genetic factor. It is more likely produced by a protease that is activated during infection or inflammation.
The effect of the truncation on the functionality of SPLUNC1 is difficult to assess, say the researchers, but it probably reduces the resistance of individuals to Gram-negative bacteria and renders them more prone to severe respiratory tract infections.
The team also detected a correlation between the levels of full-length SPLUNC1 and the gender of the children. Boys testing positive for RSV had significantly lower amounts in their nasopharyngeal aspirate but the levels of the shorter form were not correspondingly higher, suggesting ongoing degradation of the protein.
So, boys with reduced levels of full-length SPLUNC1 might be at higher risk of RSV infection. This was supported by the clear correlation between the levels of the long and short forms of the protein in all girls and in RSV-negative boys.
Only a small number of children were tested and there were no parallel tests for bacterial or viral infections. A wider study is required to confirm the observations and to attempt to correlate the types and levels of SPLUNC1 to the clinical outcome and to other possible co-infections.
Related links
- Proteomics Clinical Applications 2011, 5, 513-522: "Innate immunity proteins and a new truncated form of SPLUNC1 in nasopharyngeal aspirates from infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection"
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Article by Steve Down
Los peligros de los tatuajes. Nuevas informaciones.
Hace tiempo que lo dijimos...
Tattoos have never been more fashionable, driven by peer pressure and the celebrity copycat culture. Many young people have indulged in this form of permanent body art but age is no barrier, as an observant walk around your local town will reveal.
A recent survey in Germany estimated that about 10% of the population are tattooed and the figure is greater in the USA. Various polls suggest that between 12-15% of the American population has at least one tattoo, with the figure rising to 20-40% for those aged 18-50.
While there are requirements for tattoo parlours and the more upmarket tattoo studios to be registered in some countries, there is little legislation regarding the inks, which are probably responsible for the health problems experienced by so many customers. If the tattoo parlours and equipment are clean and sterilised, where else do the persistent skin irritations, allergies and lesions originate from?
A team of scientists in Germany has targeted black inks, which are the most common ink used. Wolfgang Baumler and colleagues from the University of Regensburg considered that the inks must contain impurities which react with the body when the inks are injected into the skin. There are no legal requirements to list the ingredients, so no-one knows what might be present.
In an earlier study published in 2010, they discovered that black inks contain as many as 20 different polyaromatic hydrocarbons, hardly surprising given that the inks are composed mainly of carbon black produced by imperfect combustion.
Now, they have turned their attention to the search for other compounds in black inks which could be acting as allergens or irritants.
Inking in the details
A total of 14 commercial inks were purchased from Europe, Asia and the USA, with such exotic names as Tribal Black, Diabolo Genesis, Black Magic and Calcutta Black. They were each subjected to solvent extraction and the extracts were spiked with hexamethylbenzene as an internal standard for GC/MS analysis. The individual components were separated on a 5% phenyl methylpolysiloxane column and identified by comparison of their mass spectra with those in a commercial library. Quantification was accomplished from the peak areas of the compounds related to that of the internal standard.
A number of impurities were found in the black inks, clearly separated in the chromatograms and identified unambiguously from their retention times and mass spectra. Six of these were identified as potential irritants and their quantities were estimated in each of the inks.
A total of 14 other compounds were also detected but they could not be identified confidently, so they were not quantified.
Irritants and allergens in black tattoo ink
Dibutyl phthalate was found in all 14 inks, in amounts ranging from 0.12-691 µg/g. This compound is a known teratogen, genotoxin and contact allergen, so injection into the skin would not be a recommended course of action. Benzophenone was found in 11 inks up to 557 µg/kg. It has been classified as an irritant and has been reported to induce photosensitisation in the skin of guinea pigs during UV irradiation. It is used in perfumery and other benzophenones are added to sunscreens but previous studies have shown that they are poorly absorbed into the blood. However, direct injection during tattooing will probably introduce larger amounts into the system, with the potential to cause irritation.
The third most detected compound in the tattoo inks was 9-fluorenone, found in 10 samples but less abundant at a maximum content of 3.04 µg/g. Little is known about its actions in vivo, although it has been reported to be a photosensitiser.
Of the remaining three compounds, hexachloro-1,3-butadiene is genotoxic and a possible human carcinogen and dibenzofuran is a known skin, eye, nose and throat irritant. Hexamethylenetetramine, also known as methenamine, is known to cause respiratory allergies.
The main problem with tattoo inks is that they are not regulated. Many of the inks examined by Baumler and Co contained at least one compound that might be responsible for adverse skin reactions after use.
"We urgently recommend regulation of tattoo inks, so that only those inks without hazardous substances may be used," says Baumler. As a first step, it should be illegal to allow the skin to be punctured by inks containing substances that are banned from cosmetics.
The researchers recognise that this list of undeclared additives in black tattoo ink is probably incomplete but say that it provides a starting point for physicians looking for triggers of adverse skin reactions to the inks.
Related links
- Contact Dermatitis 2011, 65, 231-238: "Black tattoo inks are a source of problematic substances such as dibutyl phthalate"